What Are the Symptoms and Causes of Cerebral Infarction? - Oren Zarif - Cerebral Infarction

The symptoms of cerebral infarction depend on the part of the brain affected. Primary motor cortex is affected, and brainstem localization can result in a syndrome. Other symptoms of cerebral infarction include weakness on the affected side of the body and loss of sensation. Eye movement is impaired or abnormal and pupils dilate abnormally on the affected side. If the infarction is on the left side of the brain, speech can be slurred or reflexes may be aggravated.

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There are many causes of cerebral infarction. Some of the causes are: internal cartoid artery anomalies; arterial occlusion; abnormal endothelium; and stroke. Aneurysms are rare but can result in cerebral infarction. Aneurysms form when a clot passes through the patent foramen ovale. Some aneurysms are associated with cerebral infarction, and some may never rupture.

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A massive cerebral infarction can cause brain edema and midline shift. It can impair the flow of blood to vital structures, resulting in a coma or death. Surgery to relieve the pressure can result in life-saving treatment. A decompressive hemicraniectomy may be required in this case. Patients should be treated immediately if symptoms of cerebral ischemia persist. Some of the surgical interventions include a hemicraniectomy, a surgery to remove infarcted tissue, or a combination of these procedures.

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Small, deep infarcts on the lateral ventricles are also known as internal watershed or low-flow infarcts. They occur in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease or other prothrombotic disorders. The cause of these infarctions varies, but they are all common and can occur at any time. However, the best way to recognize them is by studying the causes and the different patterns of infarction.

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Studies of young adults are still limited. Few studies have focused on young patients and have included all community hospitals within a defined geographic area. A study of 46 hospitals in Baltimore City, five central Maryland counties, and Washington DC examined the etiology of young adults' cerebral infarction. The study found that cardiac embolism, hematologic disorders, and lacunar stroke were the most common etiologies, but nearly a third of all cases had no known cause.

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The neuroimaging findings of twenty-eight patients are summarized in Table 3. There were single and multiple infarctions in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus. Twenty-three patients had TBM, and eight had hemorrhage or TBM. Six patients showed miliary pattern, and two had fibroproductive lesions. In the case of hemorrhagic infarction, the most appropriate sequence was T2*GRE.

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Stroke is often fatal if a blood vessel supplying the brain becomes blocked. A transient ischemic attack, however, is not a major medical emergency. Rather, it is a temporary complication of a heart problem called atrial fibrillation. The blood supply to the brain is reduced because of atherosclerosis, which leads to fatty plaques in blood vessels. In addition, a blood clot may break off and travel to the brain.

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While ischemic strokes usually have a sudden onset, a few cases are symptomatic and evolve rapidly over time. Differentiation between these two types of stroke is challenging, but symptom progression and the presence of risk factors help in identifying the type of deficit. Neuroimaging is required and bedside glucose testing are mandatory for the diagnosis of stroke. The diagnosis of a stroke is complicated by the presence of several risk factors and etiologies.

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Patients with chronic meningitis are at a high risk for developing a cerebral infarction. Chronic meningitis is also the primary cause of cerebral infarction. While it is rare, these complication has a high mortality and morbidity rate. Similarly, TBM is similar to cryptococcal meningitis but has extracranial involvement. Both types of cerebral infarctions are associated with neurological complications and are often accompanied by seizures. The early diagnosis and treatment are critical to maximize a patient's chances of survival.