Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy - Oren Zarif - Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

The prognosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathies (HIE) varies from patient to patient depending on the severity of the disease and the availability of therapies. The disease often mimics other neurodegenerative conditions, including Cerebral Palsy. Treatment for HIE involves physical and occupational therapies. The prognosis of HIE depends on the age of the child and access to appropriate therapies.

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The perinatal period is a vulnerable period for a baby's development, with birth asphyxia the leading cause of early neonatal mortality. The effects of asphyxia are profound on the developing brain, with about twenty to twenty-five percent of asphyxiated newborns exhibiting a neurological sequela. These insults have high long-term costs and emotional tolls. For this reason, follow-up assessment is recommended for any neonate who has suffered hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy during the neonatal period.

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If a neonate suffers from perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathies, their development is often delayed or prevented altogether. In rare cases, brain damage can be severe. The cause of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy varies, from specific genetic syndromes to other conditions. In both cases, the severity of the damage depends on the length and extent of oxygen deprivation.

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Treatment options for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathies vary widely. Neuroimaging techniques, such as MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging, can help diagnose the condition. However, doctors must first suspect the condition. Early detection by parents and a doctor is essential. Cognitive development and other factors may be the cause. Although the symptoms can be very similar, treatment options depend on the nature of the insult and its severity.

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Asphyxia and birth asphyxia can cause HIE. A wide range of complications can lead to HIE during the neonatal period, such as respiratory distress, jaundice, or low blood sugar. Even mismanagement of these conditions can lead to HIE. There is no cure for HIE, but it is possible to prevent it by being aware of the risk factors and preparing yourself accordingly. So, keep reading to learn more about hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and what you can do to minimize your risk of developing it in your child.

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In preterm babies, hypoxia is presumed. Low Apgar scores and prolonged assisted ventilation may be symptoms of hypoxia. Other signs of hypoxia include renal impairment, elevated creatinine and liver enzymes, and abnormal neurological examination. In a newborn, this lack of oxygen can compromise the CNS, affecting the entire cardiovascular system. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy causes generalized brain dysfunction.

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In neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathic infants, the pattern of brain injury depends on the level of maturity of the child's brain. Imaging tests can detect periventricular leukomalacia, hydrocephalus, and germinal matrix hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive modality used for evaluating patterns of brain injury.

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An MRI can reveal the presence of encephalopathy and assess its severity. This test can also provide a baseline for comparison. In neonates with encephalopathy, MRI findings suggest that 80% of cases are caused by perinatal injuries, and 1% are caused by prenatal causes. Nevertheless, 3% of neonates have nonhypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

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Treatments for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathic infants include therapeutic hypothermia, which involves cooling the infant's body and brain to slow down the cascade effect. This slows down the brain's metabolism and limits the release of damaging compounds. Using therapeutic hypothermia is the preferred treatment for HIE and is often considered a standard of care in most major academic hospitals.