How to Diagnose and Treat Embolic Stroke - Oren Zarif - Embolic Stroke
Embolic stroke is one of the most common causes of death and morbidity in the United States. Despite its prevalence, it is often difficult to diagnose because it can be associated with a variety of pathologies, including large artery atherosclerosis and cardiogenic embolism. The diagnosis of embolic stroke depends on several factors, including the patient's history, the location and extent of embolic disease, and the presence of other risk factors.
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Cognitive symptoms of an embolic stroke may include difficulty moving limbs and performing simple manipulations. The specific area of the brain affected by the stroke determines the degree of the patient's symptoms. The first step is calling 911. The medical team will then gather as much data as possible to diagnose the patient's condition and plan treatment. Recovery from embolic stroke depends on the severity of the damage and how quickly treatment begins. However, early diagnosis can significantly improve the chances of recovery.
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During the first few hours following a stroke, treatment may involve intravenous TPA, which dissolves the blood clot and helps restore blood flow to the affected brain area. Other options include surgery or intravenous clot-busting drugs. Patients may also receive blood-thinning drugs, such as aspirin, warfarin, or heparin. In some cases, surgery is performed to remove the clot and repair the damaged blood vessels surrounding the brain.
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If you suspect you are suffering from an embolic stroke, seek medical attention immediately. Symptoms of embolic stroke can be similar to those of an ischemic stroke. Treatment must aim to restore blood flow to the brain quickly to reduce the risk of brain damage. An emergency room doctor should be able to determine if you are suffering from the disease before it's too late. A quick, effective treatment will help you regain normal function as soon as possible.
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Some randomized trials have compared different anticoagulants and antiplatelet therapies in patients with embolic stroke. Apixaban for Treatment of Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source is one ongoing study. Rivaroxaban versus acetylsalicylic acid has also been studied in the NAVIGATE ESUS trial. While these studies are preliminary, they show some promising results. A successful treatment for embolic stroke requires a thorough evaluation and identification of the underlying cause.
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Although cryptogenic stroke accounts for approximately 20% of all ischemic strokes, the term embolic stroke of unknown source has recently been used to unify the subgroup of patients with this condition. ESUS patients have higher rates of recurrence compared to those with cryptogenic stroke. Neuroimaging and ESUS findings help doctors determine if a patient has an embolic stroke. Although this new term is not definitive, it is useful for future research.
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A stroke can be caused by blood clot movement in the brain, but people can minimize their risk by avoiding risk factors. Those with chronic disease such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and various heart and blood vessel disorders should undergo treatment for these conditions. A healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a balanced diet are also recommended. In addition to the above, people should avoid smoking and maintain an active lifestyle. And, people with diabetes should be aware of the possible risks associated with alcohol and tobacco use.
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Hemorrhagic transformation has been studied in mice using arterial delivery of pre-formed macroemboli, local thrombin injection, and rose bengal-based photothrombosis. A study in mice of neonatal mice suggests that hemorrhagic transformation is associated with a higher rate of mortality and disability than in adults. This finding suggests that perinatal embolic stroke might be the target of a new therapeutic strategy.
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Diagnostic tests for stroke may include brain CT or MRI, which uses powerful X-ray equipment and radio-frequency pulses to create multiple images of inside the body. CT scans of the head may identify blood clots and bleeding within the brain. Another type of imaging test, known as MR angiography, may be performed to confirm whether a blood clot is present in the brain. MRI may be combined with other imaging tests, such as a cerebral angiography, to better diagnose an embolic stroke.
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To simulate an embolic stroke in humans, scientists developed SIMPLeR, a method based on the vascular microenvironment of perinatal mice. In contrast to conventional strategies, SIMPLeR preserves the strengths of SIMPLE while avoiding the invasiveness of surgery. The simulation model relies on biomaterials, such as RBCs, to induce embolic stroke. In contrast, SIMPLE relies on mechanical occlusion, which requires fewer MNPs.